ABSTRACT
Cigarettes contain nicotine, which has vasoconstrictive effects that reduce blood flow to peripheral tissues. This decreased perfusion jeopardizes the flow of vital nutrients and oxygen required for recovery. Smoking has long been recognized as a significant risk factor for poor wound healing and adverse surgical outcomes in plastic surgery. Concern over vaping’s impact on healing processes has grown since its introduction. Smoking has vasoconstrictive and pro-inflammatory effects that cause delayed healing, an increased risk of infection, and poor aesthetic results. Despite being perceived as a safer option, there is some preliminary evidence that vaping may also hinder the healing process. To improve surgical results in plastic surgery, this review emphasizes the significance of patient education and preoperative smoking and vaping cessation.
